Balaji Vishwanath Bhat, often referred to as Peshwa I, was a pivotal figure in the Maratha Empire's history. Born into a Chitpavan Brahmin family, his early life remains relatively obscure, but his ascent to the position of Peshwa (Prime Minister) in 1713 marked the beginning of a transformative era for the Marathas. He inherited the title from his father, Balaji Vishwanath, who had previously served as Peshwa and played a crucial role in consolidating Maratha power under Chhatrapati Shahu.

Peshwa I, known for his military acumen and strategic foresight, shifted the focus of the Maratha Empire from consolidating territories in the Deccan to expanding its influence northward. He envisioned a Hindu Pad Padshahi, an empire encompassing the entire Indian subcontinent under Maratha rule. His military campaigns were instrumental in achieving this goal. He led successful expeditions into Malwa, Gujarat, and even as far north as Delhi, extracting tribute and establishing Maratha dominance. He skillfully utilized alliances with local rulers and employed guerilla warfare tactics to overcome larger and betterequipped Mughal armies.

His most notable achievement was the Treaty of Mandu in 1737, which effectively ceded control of Malwa to the Marathas. This victory significantly weakened Mughal authority and paved the way for further Maratha expansion. Beyond military conquests, he also focused on strengthening the administrative and financial systems of the Maratha Empire. He introduced a system of granting land rights (Saranjami) to military commanders in exchange for their loyalty and service, which proved effective in maintaining a strong and loyal army.

Peshwa I's reign, though relatively short, was marked by significant territorial expansion, administrative reforms, and a shift in the balance of power in the Indian subcontinent. He laid the foundation for the Maratha Empire to become a dominant force in the years that followed. He died at a relatively young age, but his legacy as a brilliant military strategist and visionary leader remains firmly etched in the annals of Indian history.